Setu Pocket Reference

Spelling capital for the first word of a sentence and for names, nothing else: Ma bokat prati Rigan. · Sounds a e i o u · p b t d k g s š h m n l r j č · stress on the first syllable, always · diphthongs ai au ei oi only

Word = root + affixes + stem vowel + (ša plural) + case. Every object takes -n, every noun after antar saha bina upari adas prak pašat takes -l, after prati apa sabel -n; a bare noun is a subject or a predicate, nothing else. Names do not enter compounds: the Setu app is Setus tantara, genitive.

Stem vowel		Case
`-a`	thing	nominative	–
`-i`	abstract	accusative	`-n`
`-u`	action	genitive	`-s`
`-e`	adjective	dative	`-m`
`-o`	adverb	locative	`-l`

Tense
present	`-at`	infinitive	`-et`
past	`-it`	imperative	`-aj`
future	`-ut`	plural	`-ša-` before the case

mitra friend · mitran · mitras · mitram · mitral · plural puts -ša- BEFORE the case ending: mitraša friends (nominative), mitrašan (object), mitrašas, mitrašam, mitrašal (after a locative preposition: saha mitrašal with friends; saha mitraša is wrong) · verbs have no person: ma šačat, saša šačat

Affixes -tar- agent · -ban- place · -mik- tool · -il- small · -mor- great · -din- group · -ap- cause · ha- opposite · -jar- more · -ant- -ing · -t- -ed · linking -a- at any illegal seam

Pronouns ma I · ta you · sa he/she/it · plural maša taša saša · ka this · na that · saba- self · ja- who/which · paraspara each other · kabana here · nabana there

Copula none in the present: ma mitra I am a friend · past buhit, future buhut · buhat = exists

Have dative + nothing: mam čoma I have a book · the same dative experiencer for ručat like: mam ručat čoma I like the book, mam ručat mitret I like to make friends (never ma ručat) · mam kšudi I am hungry · mam pida it hurts

Adjectives invariant, before the noun: nane mitrašam · comparative nanjare · superlative nanmore · than = apa + acc. · as…as = nao … jao · the more…the more = jao + comparative, nao + comparative

Adverbs after the verb: sa dabat šigro · before it for emphasis · place/time adverbs may follow a noun: dama nabana

Negation ne before the verb or predicate · nobody/nothing/never keep ne on the verb too: hakutara ne šakat · no longer = eba ne · not yet = aduna api ne · Yes/no ku first, am yes, ne no

Question words kua what · kutara who · kubana where · kue which · kuo how · kuna when · kusa why · kubahe how many

Prepositions + locative: antar in · saha with · bina without · upari on · adas under · prak before · pašat after · + accusative: prati to · apa from, about, than, by

Conjunctions ča and · kintu but · ba or · jat that · jadi if · ene if (unreal, past in both halves) · tada then · jada when · če because

Relative after the noun, ja- in its own case: čoma jan ma ošat the book that I read

Participles nidarante sleeping · likte written · converbs nidaranto while sleeping · likto having written · agent apa + acc.

Modals + infinitive, nominative subject: šak- can · uš- want · hap- must, need to. This is the only way to say must: Latvian man ir jā- and English "have to" are both ma hapat + infinitive, not a dative construction. uš- + jat clause when the subject differs: sa ušat jat ta gamut

Numbers eka duba tira čatura panča soha sapta ašta pisa daša · 11 dašeka · 20 dubadaša · 21 dubadašeka · 100 šata · 1000 sahasa · 0 šuna · ordinal -e eke · ordinal adverb -o eko · noun plural after a number: tira mitraša

In use age mam dubadašeka barašaša · time kšana panča ča arda half past five · price kubahe hati? · date tire ahara panče masas 3 May

Set phrases Banadu! hello · Nane ahara! good day · Nane boku! goodbye · Danu! thanks · Parko please · Kohaj man sorry · Kuo ta? how are you · Ma nano fine · Kua tas rana? your name? · Ma ne sunat I don't know · Ma samatat I agree · Ne hoba never mind

Eight short lessons compiled from grammar.md. Setu means "a bridging"; šači is the ordinary word for "language". Every example is checked against dictionary.md by tools/check_examples.py primer.md. Written for a Latvian speaker; where a rule matches Latvian, it says so, because that is the rule you already know.

Lesson 0 — The first sixty words

These sixty words, ranked by how often they occur in the texts, cover about two thirds of everything written so far. Learn them before Lesson 1 and every text becomes half readable. The full ranked list is in first-100.md.

Pronouns. ma- I / we · sa- he / she / it / they · ta- you · na- that · ja- who, which, that · saba- self

Function words. ča and · antar in, at · ne no · apa from, of, about, than · prati to, towards · saha with · kintu but · jat that · jada when · upari on, above · tada then · nao so, that much · punar again · jadi if · prak before, in front of · jao as, as much as

Verbs. šačat say, speak · gamat come · likat write · drešat see · bokat go · nidarat sleep · buhat be · šakat be able, can · umat eat · ošat read · sunat know · ušat want · plabat swim · štamat close, shut · karat do, make · parkat ask

Nouns. ahara day · manuša person · nakša star · čoma book · hata money, silver · oika bread · kaha earth, land · mitra friend · bata wind · sura sun · apana market · hoba thing, matter · dama house · uhora dog · šera child · roha door · ioma sea

Adjectives. nane good · purane old · bale strong · sarbe all, every · itare other

Lesson 1 — Sounds and spelling

Five vowels, a e i o u, always short and pure, as in Latvian without macrons. Sixteen consonants, all of which Latvian has: p b t d k g s š h m n l r j č. No v z ž f c.

Stress is always on the first syllable, as in Latvian. Read every vowel fully; never reduce one.

Words you can already say: mitra friend · udara water · kšapa night · čandara moon · sarita river.

Lesson 2 — Nouns and the five cases

Every noun ends in a vowel that tells you what kind of thing it is: -a a concrete thing, -i an abstract one, -u an action. Then come the same case endings Latvian has, only fewer and completely regular:

Case	Ending	mitra friend	Latvian parallel
Nominative	—	mitra	draugs
Accusative	-n	mitran	draugu
Genitive	-s	mitras	drauga
Dative	-m	mitram	draugam
Locative	-l	mitral	draugā

Plural: put -ša- before the ending. mitraša friends, mitrašan, mitrašas, mitrašam, mitrašal. That is the whole declension. There is no gender and no second declension.

mitras nakša — the friend's star
saritašal — in the rivers
nakša sarital — a star in the river

Lesson 3 — Pronouns and "to have"

ma I · ta you · sa he, she, it. Plural adds -ša-: maša we, taša you, saša they. They take the same endings as nouns: man me, mas my, mam to me, mal in me.

There is no verb "to have". Say "to me [is] a thing", with the dative:

mam čoma — I have a book
tam ne udara — you have no water
mitram noče dama — the friend has a big house

The genitive is the possessive: mas dama my house, sašas sarita their river.

ka this, na that; kabana here, nabana there; kahara today.

Lesson 4 — Adjectives, adverbs, comparison

An adjective ends in -e and never changes: not for case, not for number. An adverb ends in -o.

nane mitra — a good friend · nane mitrašam — to the good friends
ma nano — I am well

Comparative -jar-, superlative -mor-, "than" is apa + accusative:

ta nanjare apa man — you are better than me
ta mas nanmore mitra — you are my best friend
sa nao bale jao ma — he is as strong as I

Adverbs go after the verb, as in Latvian: sa dabat šigro he runs fast. Put one before the verb only for emphasis. A place or time adverb can also follow a noun and describe it: dama nabana the house there, mitru kahara today's meeting.

Lesson 5 — Verbs: one form per tense

No person endings at all. The pronoun does that work.

	ending	šač- speak
present	-at	ma šačat — I speak
past	-it	saša šačit — they spoke
future	-ut	ta šačut — you will speak
infinitive	-et	ma ušat šačet — I want to speak
imperative	-aj	šačaj! — speak!

The present has no "is". ma mitra "I am a friend", ka dama noče "this house is big". Past and future use buh-: ma buhit mitra, ma buhut mitra.

Modals take the infinitive: šak- can, uš- want, hap- must. ma hapat boket — I must go.

Negation is ne before the verb, or before the predicate when there is no verb: ma ne šačat, ka dama ne noče.

Lesson 6 — Questions and word order

Yes/no questions start with ku and change nothing else: ku ta šačat? Answers: am yes, ne no.

Question words are all built on ku-: kua what, kutara who, kubana where, kue which, kuo how, kuna when, kusa why. They decline: kuan ta drešat? — what do you see?

Order is subject, verb, object, but the cases let you move things for emphasis: ma drešat nakšan and nakšan ma drešat both mean "I see a star"; the second stresses the star.

Prepositions take the locative (antar damal in the house, saha mal with me), except prati and apa, which take the accusative (prati daman to the house, apa Rigan from Riga).

Lesson 7 — Building words

Every word is a root plus optional affixes plus its final vowel. Learn the root, get the family for free:

mitra	friend	root + -a
mitri	friendship	root + -i
mitru	a meeting	root + -u
mitratara	one who befriends	-tar- agent
mitradina	circle of friends	-din- group
hamitra	enemy	ha- opposite

Other affixes: -ban- place (saritbana riverbed, šikšabana school), -mik- tool (čidmika knife, ganmika computer), -il- small (saritila brook), -mor- great (purmora metropolis), -ap- cause (marapat kills, from mar- die).

Roots join directly to make compounds: nakšadama lighthouse, hatdama bank.

Lesson 8 — Clauses

that: jat — ma sunat jat ta šačat, I know that you speak.
who / which: ja, declined for its role, after the noun — manuša ja nidarat the person who sleeps; čoma jan ma ošat the book that I read.
if: jadi, with tada then — jadi ta ušat, tada ma gamut. Counterfactual: ene with the past in both halves — ene ta gamit, ma drešit tan, if you had come I would have seen you.
when / because: jada, če.
while doing / having done: participle adverbs — nidaranto while sleeping, likto having written. As adjectives: nidarante šera a sleeping child, likte čoma a written book.
-self / each other: saban himself, parasparan each other.

Exercises

Translate. Answers below.

I see the friend's house.
Do you want to drink water?
The children sleep in the houses.
If it rains, I will stay at home.
The book that I read is old.

Answers. 1 Ma drešat mitras daman. 2 Ku ta ušat pahet udaran? 3 Šeraša nidarat antar damašal. 4 Jadi biršta gamut, ma čohut antar damal. 5 Čoma jan ma ošat purane.

More, for lessons 5–8.

She will not come tomorrow.
I must write a letter to my sister.
Who saw the boat that came from the sea?
Having eaten, the children ran to the river.
If you had asked, I would have helped you.
The wind is as cold as ice.
The people here speak slowly.

Answers. 6 Sa ne gamut prahara. 7 Ma hapat liket likan mas sonam. 8 Kutara drešit čojan ja gamit apa ioman? 9 Umato šeraša dabit prati saritan. 10 Ene ta parkit, ma upkarit tan. 11 Bata nao šite jao tušara. 12 Manušaša kabana šačat mando.

Every text so far, in Setu only. Translations are in the source files named under each title. Generated by tools/reader.py.

Sila ča Miran

dialogue · from dialogue-long.md

Banadu, Miran! Prati kubanan ta dabat nao šigro? Banadu, Sila! Ma dabat prati apanan. Ma hapat krihet oikan prak sajal. Apana ja antar puril? Sa eba štamte. Štamte? Kintu kahara ne ahara jal saša štamat! Ma drešit boktaran ja gamit apa apanan, ča sa šačit jat roha štamte. Duhe hoba. Jadi apana štamte, tada ma ne umut oikan kahara. Ne bihaj! Mam oika antar damal. Gamaj saha mal, ča maša umut nan saha parasparal. Ta ati nane mitra. Ta nao nane jao mas maha! Hasanto ta šačat nan. Ne, ma šačat sato! Ene ta ne buhit kabana, ma nidarit bina oikal. Nidaranto ta bismarut oikan. Am, kintu jagaranto ma smarut nan punar! Drešaj nabana. Čandara upari iomal. Ati sudare. Mas iota šačit jat čandara nakšat baljaro antar šite kšapal. Ku sate? Ma ne sunat, kintu ma šradahat nan. Ma api. Kua ta karut prahara? Jadi biršta ne gamut, ma bokut prati aranan saha mas uhoral. Uhora ja bihat sarpašan? Na uhora! Kintu sa dabat šigrajaro apa sarbe itare uhorašan. Ma ušat drešet nan! Ku ma šakat gamet saha tal? Am, jadi ta jagarut purbo. Maša bokut antar prataral. Ma jagarut prak sural! Nane. Aduna gamaj, oika pratikšat mašan. Ča ma pratikšat oikan! Nane saja, mitra.

Mas ahara

first person · from day.md

Ma jagarat antar prataral, jada sura nakšat antar mas akšašal. Mas dama kuje, kintu mam noče roha ja uonat prati saritan. Eko ma pahat kširan ča umat oikan. Tada ma kšalat mas širan ča kešan antar šite udaral. Ma ne mejat šite udaran, kintu pašat nal ma harše ča bale. Ma šramat antar šikšabanal: ma gura. Mas šikšataraša, jan ma šačat mas šeraša, ušat sunet sarban. Saša parkat: Kusa čandara ne maušat? Ma utarat: Ma ne sunat. Kintu maša šakat išet utaran saha parasparal. Jada ma ne sunat hoban, ma ne lajat. Ma api šikšat. Antar sajal ma nibartat prati daman, šrante kintu harše. Mas uhora pratikšat man prak rohal, ča sa kurdat jada sa drešat man. Maša bokat prati saritan. Ma sadat upari onal ča drešat udaran ja saritat. Nabana ma manat apa mas aharan: kua ma karit nano, kua duho? Jadi ma karit hoban duho, ma šačat sabam: Prahara ta karut nan nanjaro. Jada nakšaša gamat, ma nibartat, likat alape šačašan antar mas čomal, ča nidarat. Ka mas ahara. Sa ne noče, kintu sa mas, ča ma mejat nan.

Udiče bata ča sura

two fables · from fable.md

Udiče bata ča sura bibadit: kutara baljare? Jada saša bibadit, boktara gamit, beštate antar tape čibaral. Saša šačit: Ja purbo mučaput boktaras čibaran, na baljare apa itaran. Tada udiče bata nipit ati balo. Kintu jada sa nipit baljaro, boktara beštit čibaran antikjaro upari sabal. Samapal udiče bata mučit judun. Tada sura nakšit tapo, ča boktara šigro mučit čibaran. Ča udiče bata hapit šačet jat sura baljare apa saban.

Lopaša ča drakšaša

Eka aharal lopaša ja ušit umet drešit drakšašan upari dirge šenal. Sa šačit sabam: Ka drakšaša sudare ča purne udaral. Ma hapat grahet nan! Sa kšipit saban prati drakšašan, kintu sa ne šakit grahet nan. Punar ča punar sa kšipit saban, nao balo jao sa šakit, kintu drakšaša čohit upari šenal. Samapal lopaša bokit, šačanto: Na drakšaša pute! Ma ne ušat umet nan. Nao manušaša api šačat jat hoba ja saša ne šakat labet duhe.

Nakšadama

narrative · from story.md

Antar kuje puril upari iomal basat purane nara, jas rana Miran. Sa basat antar nakšadamal ja stahat upari tuhal, ča sarbe kšapal sa nakšapat nakšamikan saha sabas hastašal. Manušaša apa puran šačat jat sa hanitjo nidarat. Kintu na ne sate: sa nidarat antar aharal, ča jagarat jada sura maušat prati ioman. Eka sajal noče bata gamit apa udičan. Megaša štamit diban, biršta maušit nao balo jao ona, ča ioma krandit jao marga. Miran stahit prak nakšamikal ča drešit prati ioman. Sapadi sa drešit kuje čojan ja judat saha batal. Antar čojal buhit gena ča duba šeraša, beštate antar ardare čibarašal. Saša ne šakit drešet patan prati puran, če nakšamika ne nakšit. Kusa? Bata hanit rohan, ča roha, štamte apa batan, štamit uenan. Miran dabit prati rohan, kintu bata buhit baljare apa san. Sa ne šakit uonet nan bina upkarul. Tada sa smarit purane čidmikan ja šihit adas sadbanal. Saha čidmikal sa čidit bandan ja darit rohan. Roha uonit, uena maušit upari iomal, ča gena antar čojal drešit patan. Antar prataral čoja gamit prati puran. Gena bokit prati nakšadaman saha sabas šerašal ča šačit: Ta dahit mašam basin. Kuo maša šakat danet tan? Purane nara hasit ča utarit: Ma karit kebala mas šraman. Kintu jadi ta ušat, gamaj punar antar aharal, jada ma ne nidarat. Ča apa na aharan manušaša apa puran ne šačit punar jat Miran hanitjo nidarat. Saša šačit jat sa nidarat nao nano jao šera, kintu kebala jada sura nakšat.

Bišajbanal

two scenes · from scenes.md

Kahara ma bokat prati bišajbanan, če mam pida antar kukšal ča ma ušne. Bišaja, jubane gena saha šukle čibaral, smihat ča parkat: Kubana pida? Kuna sa arabit? Ma utarat: Antar kukšal, apa pašaharan. Ma umit bahe mansan ča pahit purane rasan. Sa sparšat mas kukšan mando, sotamat mas hardan, drešat antar mas mukal, nasal ča karnašal. Tas harda bale, tas dantaša nane. Kintu tas liša ne harše apa purane rasan! Ma lajat ča šačat: Ma budat. Ma hanitjo punar pahut nan. Sa hasat: Ne, ta ne roge. Umaj kebala oikan ča pahaj bahe udaran duba ahara, ča pida bokut. Ča ne umaj medan ba teme hobašan. Ma parkat: Kubahe hati? Sa utarat: Tira hata. Ča eka smihu. Ma dahat sam tira hatašan ča smihat. Jada ma bokat apa bišajbanan, mas bratara pratikšat man saha sabas putaral, ja rudat. Kusa sa rudat? Sa maušit apa šenan ča hanit gonan. Kintu asta ne čidte, kebala čarma. Šera drešat rohite raktan upari sabas padal ča rudat baljaro. Bišaja gamat, kšalat gonan, bandat nan saha šukle čibaral ča šačat: Šure šera! Prahara ta punar kridut. Šera samapat rudet, smihat, ča bišaja ne parkat hatan.

Antar apanal

Antar eke aharal masas mas barja ča ma bokat prati apanan saha nuhal ča noče pataral. Apana purne: manušaša bikrihat minašan apa ioman, mansan, andašan, kširan, labanan, pušpašan ča palašan apa sarbe stanašan. Eko maša krihat duba oikašan; hati čatura hata. Tada mas barja drešat rohite ča pite palašan ča parkat: Kubahe hati? Bikrihtara, purane nara saha dusare kešal, utarat: Daša hata, kintu tam, sudare gena, ašta. Mas barja hasat, ganat palašan, dašduba!, ča dahat sam sapta hatašan. Sa samatat. Ma išat nuhan, nabe ča stule, če purane nuha antar mas damal tane ča čidte. Ma bindat nan antar dakšine stanal, prak kuje damal jal nara bikrihat čarman ča balkan. Sa šačat: Ka nuha ati bale, ta šakat karšet dabmikan saha nal! Ma jujat nuhan sapadi: ma bandat pataran upari mas gribal, ne, upari mas hastal, ča barat nan. Antar apanal api kagaša gahat, šeraša nartat, ča purane manušaša kridat saha kuje onašal. Jada sura ušne ča maša šrante ča kšude, maša sadat adas šenal ča pahat šite rasan apa drakšašan. Mas barja ganat mašas hatašan: Maša karit nano. Mam čohat panča hataša, ča kšana kebala daša ča arda. Maša nibartat prati daman mando, saha purne pataral ča harše hardal. Sajal ma pačat minan saha labanal, ča sarba nane.

Latgalas hoba

history · from my-text.md

Latgala Latbijas prače kaha

Sa kaha aranašas, tuhilašas ča nile sarasašas; nočmore sarasa Rasna. Sahasa barašaša purbo latgale manušadina basit kabana, purane manušadina; saša buhit karšataraša ča jodaša, ča sašam buhit šene durgaša upari tuhilašal. Pašat nal jodaša apa Bačijan gamit apa pratičan saha šradahil apa Roman, ča grahit kahan. Tada Polija darit Latgalan dubašata barašaša, ča manušaša darit šradahin apa Roman, jada pratiče Latbija grahit nabe šradahin. Antar barašal sahasa saptašata saptadašduba Kriebija grahit Latgalan. Čaturadaša barašaša Kriebija nišidit čomašan saha likašal apa Roman; nao manušaša karit nan antar itare kahal ča barit nan upari simal antar kšapal. Latgale manušaša darit sabas šačin, gahašan ča šradahin. Antar barašal sahasa pisašata saptadaša, antar Reseknel, manušaša karit noče mitrun ča nirnajit jat Latgala bandut saban saha itare latbije kahašal; ča antar barašal sahasa pisašata dašašta Latbija janit. Tada juduša gamit; Sobieta grahit Latbijan punar, ča bahe manušaša buhit prešte duro prati pračan. Antar barašal sahasa pisašata pisadašeka Latbija buhit muče punar. Kahara Latgalas puraša Daugabapila ča Resekne; manušaša šačat latbije ča latgale šačin, gahat purane gahašan, ča basat antar sarasašal. Sam alape hata, kintu bahe gahaša ča purane šačaša.

Lika prati Teresan

letter · from letter.md

Nane ahara, Teresa! Kuo ta? Ma ašansat jat ta haroge ča harše. Kohaj man: ma ne likit tam dirge ueša. Ma buhit ati šrante, če ma šramit sarbe aharašal antar šikšabanal. Kintu kahara mam ueša, ča ma ušat šačet tam bahe hobašan. Eko: mas bratara krihit nabe daman antar Reseknel! Sa ušat jat ta gamut drešet nan. Dubo: mas uhora janit tira kuje uhorašan. Saša nidarat, umat ča kridat sarbe ahara. Jadi ta ušat uhorilan, šačaj mam! Tiro: ma ošit tas čoman apa Rigan. Ma mejit nan! Ta likat nao nano jao mas gura. Ku ta smarat mas mitran Miranan? Sa aduna šramat antar hatdamal ča šačat jat sa ati harše. Ma ne šradahat nan. Ma api hapat parket tan: ku ta šakat prešet mam čoman apa jan ta šačit? Ma ušat ošet nan prak prohal. Jada ta gamut prati Latgalan, maša bokut prati Rasnan saha parasparal, ča ma drešaput tam sarasašan ja ta ne sunat. Ene ta gamit purbe masal, ta drešit pušpašan upari sarbe tuhilašal. Likaj mam sapadi! Ča ne bismaraj: ta nitjo mas mitra. Nane boku, ča nane kšapa.

Tas mitra, Sila

Tira mitraša

three speakers · from trio.md

Tira mitraša

Teresa, ka Miran. Miran, ka Teresa. Sa likat čomašan, ča sa šramat antar hatdamal. Banadu, Teresa! Sila šačit mam apa tan. Sa šačit jat ta likat nao nano jao sabas gura. Sila šačat bahe hobašan. Kintu ma sunat jat sa ne ošat mas čomašan, sa kebala drešat nan! Ne sate! Ma ošit tira. Miran ošit kebala eka, ča sa nidarit antar nal. Ma ne nidarit antar čomal, ma nidarit antar nidarbanal. Čoma buhit upari mas širal. Nao sarbe manušaša ošat mas čomašan. Kintu šačaj mam: kutara apa tašan plabat nanmoro? Miran plabat šigrajaro apa man, kintu ma plabat dirgajaro apa san. Sa šrante pašat kšanilal! Ka ne sate. Sila plabat jao ona: mando ča ničo. Hasaj, hasaj. Ma drešut. Sila, plabaj prati itare kulan; Miran, plabaj pašat sal. Ja gamut eko, na labut mas nabe čoman. Ča itara? Kua sa labut? Itara labut purane čoman. Na ja Miran eba ošit. Tada ma ne hapat plabet! Ma eba sunat jat ma labut. Sa hanitjo plabat jada sa šakat sadet. Bokaj, Teresa, maša duba plabut, ča ka sadut saha čomašal. Nane. Ča jada maša nibartut, sa šačut mašam kua sa ošit. Ma šačut tam: sarban, sabel nan antar udaral.

Prahara

future and second person plural · from plans.md

Prahara antar prataral sura nakšut, kintu pašat kšanal megaša gamut apa pratičan. Antar sajal biršta maušut, ča bata buhut bale antar sarbe Latgalal. Kšana daša ča arda ma jagarut, pahut kširan, ča bokut prati apanan prak birštal. Ma krihut oikan, minan ča palašan, ča nibartut prak kšanal dašduba. Tada mas bratara gamut saha sabas putaral; maša umut saha parasparal ča šačut apa purane aharašan. Jadi biršta ne gamut, maša bokut prati saritan; jadi sa gamut, maša čohut antar damal ča kridut. Antar kšapal ma likut likan prati Teresan ča šačut sam jat ma gamut prati Rigan antar peretal. Ma ne sunat kue ahara gamut. Kintu ma sunat jat sa buhut nane, če mas mitraša buhut saha mal.

Gura šačat šikšatarašam

Nane pratara, šikšataraša! Sadaj, ča sotamaj man. Kahara taša šikšut nabe hoban: taša likut likan antar Setul. Eko, grahaj čoman ča likmikan. Dubo, uonaj čoman antar eke likal. Taša drešut tira likašan: eka apa šeran prati sabas mahan, eka apa mitran prati mitran, eka apa rajan prati sabas manušadinan. Ošaj nan mando. Jadi taša ne budat šačan, parkaj man; ne parkaj parasparan. Tada likaj sabas likan. Likaj apa tašas daman, tašas mitrašan ba tašas uhoran. Ne likaj bahe: daša šačaša nane, šata šačaša duhe. Jada taša samaput, dahaj likan mam. Ma ošut sarban antar kšapal, ča prahara taša labut nan punar saha mas šačašal. Ča smaraj: ja likat sarbe aharašal, na likat nano. Aduna arabaj!

Lika sarbe mitrašam

invitation · from invitation.md

Sarbe mitrašam ča sašas šerašam: banadu! Antar mas damal buhat noče roha, noče umabana ča bahe sadbanaša; ča antar mas hardal buhat eka mana. Antar dašsapte aharal pise masas, kšana soha antar sajal, ma karut noče umun antar mas damal. Sarba buhut tašam: uma, rasa, gahaša ča nartu. Mam ne bahe hata, kintu mam bahe mitraša; ča mitrašam ma dahat sarban ja mam. Gamaj saha tašas šerašal ča tašas uhorašal; antar mas damal buhat stana sarbe manušašam. Jadi taša ne šakat gamet, likaj mam prak dašpanče aharal, nao ma sunut kubahe manušaša gamut. Ma ne bismarit sašan ja basat duro: Teresam antar Rigal, Miranam antar Daugabapilal, ča mas bratarašam antar Reseknel. Ka lika api tašam! Antar tašal buhat mas harši. Ča jada maša sadut saha parasparal, sašam ja ne šakit gamet buhut stana antar mašas hardašal. Ma pratikšat tašan! Tašas mitra, Sila.

2107 words.

Search the glossary

Every headword in Setu alphabetical order (a b č d e g h i j k l m n o p r s š t u). Verbs are shown in the present tense. Generated by tools/glossary.py; 891 entries.

A

aba — sheep (root ab-) Abesta — Avestan (a source language) (name) ačira — a short while (root ačir-) ačire — brief (root ačir-) ačiro — soon (root ačir-) adas — under (+ loc.) (function word) adeša — order, command (root adeš-) adje — rich (hadje poor) (adjective; adverb adjo) aduna — now (function word) agna — fire (root agn-) ahara — day (root ahar-) aharčoma — newspaper (root ahar-) aja — goat (root aj-) Akada — Akkad (name) aketa — autumn (root aket-) akramat — attack (verb, root akram-) akša — eye (root akš-) ala — bee (root al-) alam — enough (function word) alape — few, little (adjective; adverb alapo) Aleksandrija — Alexandria (name) alingat — hug, embrace (verb, root aling-) am — yes (function word) amale — sour (adjective; adverb amalo) Amerika — America (name) Ana — Anna (name) anana — face (root anan-) anda — egg (root and-) Anglija — England (name) angula — finger (root angul-) ansa — shoulder (root ans-) antar — in, at (+ loc.) (function word) antara — between (+ loc.) (function word) Antarkatida — Antarctica (name) antike — near (adjective; adverb antiko) antime — last, final (adjective; adverb antimo) apa — from, of, about, than (+ acc.) (function word) apana — market (root apan-) api — also, too (function word) Aprika — Africa (name) arabat — begin (verb, root arab-) arana — forest (root aran-) arane — wild (root aran-) arda — half (root ard-) ardare — wet (adjective; adverb ardaro) Argentina — Argentina (name) arjat — earn, acquire (verb, root arj-) arpat — offer, hand over (verb, root arp-) aruhat — climb, mount (verb, root aruh-) Asija — Asia (name) Asirija — Assyria (name) asta — bone (root ast-) Asteka — the Aztecs (name) ašansat — hope (ašansi hope) (verb, root ašans-) ašara — tear (of the eye) (root ašar-) ašba — horse (root ašb-) ašta — 8 (numeral) Atena — Athens (name) ati — very (function word) atita — guest (root atit-) Atlantija — the Atlantic ; the Atlantic Ocean (name) Australija — Australia (name) Austrija — Austria (name) aušada — medicine (root aušad-)

B

ba — or (function word) babare — brown (adjective; adverb babaro) Babilona — Babylon (name) Bačija — Germany (name) baga — part, share, piece (root bag-) bagja — luck, fortune (root bagj-) bagje — lucky (root bagj-) bahe — many, much (adjective; adverb baho) bahire — outer (bahiro outside) (adjective; adverb bahiro) baja — air (root baj-) bakja — sentence (root bakj-) bakša — chest (root bakš-) bale — strong (adjective; adverb balo) balka — bark (of a tree) (root balk-) Balmiera — Valmiera (name) Baltakriebija — Belarus (name) Baltija — the Baltic ; Baltic ; the Baltic Sea (name) bame — left (side) (adjective; adverb bamo) banadat — greet (verb, root banad-) bandabana — prison (root band-) bandaganmika — server (root band-) bandalika — e-mail (root band-) bandastana — website (root band-) bandat — bind, tie (verb, root band-) bapat — sow, plant (verb, root bap-) baraša — year (root baraš-) barat — carry, bring (verb, root bar-) bardat — grow (verb, root bard-) bare — heavy (adjective; adverb baro) bari — weight (root bar-) barja — wife (root barj-) barna — colour (root barn-) Baršaba — Warsaw (name) bartat — turn (verb, root bart-) basapat — install, set up, settle (something) (root bas-) basat — dwell, live (verb, root bas-) base — alive, living (root bas-) basi — life (root bas-) basibidja — biology (root bas-) basu — a living, way of life (root bas-) bata — wind (root bat-) batja — storm (root batj-) bedat — feel, experience (verb, root bed-) Belgija — Belgium (name) Benta — the Venta (name) Bentaspila — Ventspils (name) Berline — Berlin (name) beštat — wrap (verb, root bešt-) bibadat — argue, dispute (verb, root bibad-) bibine — different (adjective; adverb bibino) bičite — strange, odd (adjective; adverb bičito) bidarat — tear, rip (verb, root bidar-) bidat — break, split (verb, root bid-) bideša — foreign land (root bideš-) bideše — foreign (root bideš-) bidja — knowledge, science (root bidj-) bidjuta — lightning (root bidjut-) bidjuti — electricity (root bidjut-) bidjutpatara — battery (root bidjut-) Bidseme — Vidzeme (name) bihat — fear (verb, root bih-) bija — seed (root bij-) Bikinga — a Viking (name) bikrihat — sell (verb, root bikrih-) bikrihbana — shop (root bikrih-) bilambe — late (adjective; adverb bilambo) Bilna — Vilnius (name) bina — without (+ loc.) (function word) binašapat — destroy (root binaš-) binašat — perish, be lost (binašapat destroys) (verb, root binaš-) bindat — find (verb, root bind-) Bine — Vienna (name) birka — wolf (root birk-) biršta — rain (root biršt-) Bisantija — Byzantium (name) bismaja — surprise, wonder (root bismaj-) bismarat — forget (verb, root bismar-) bišaja — physician (root bišaj-) bišajbana — hospital (root bišaj-) bišat — enter (verb, root biš-) bišeše — special, particular (adjective; adverb bišešo) bišramat — rest (verb, root bišram-) bišramu — a rest (root bišram-) bita — wall (root bit-) bokat — go (verb, root bok-) boktara — traveller (root bok-) boku — a going (root bok-) Brasilija — Brazil (name) bratara — brother (root bratar-) briha — rice (root brih-) Britanija — Britannia (name) bubana — world (root buban-) bubanbanda — network, internet (root buban-) budat — understand (verb, root bud-) buhat — be (past/future copula; present = exist) (verb, root buh-) buja — arm (root buj-) Bulgarija — Bulgaria (name) buma — floor, ground (root bum-)

Č

ča — and (function word) čada — roof (root čad-) čaja — tea (name) čakara — wheel (root čakar-) čalat — move (verb, root čal-) čalčitara — film (root čal-) čandara — moon (root čandar-) čarbat — chew (verb, root čarb-) čarma — skin (root čarm-) čatura — 4 (numeral) če — because (function word) Čehija — Czechia (name) čibara — clothing, cloak (root čibar-) čidat — cut (verb, root čid-) čidmika — knife (root čid-) čihat — build, pile up (verb, root čih-) čitarat — paint, draw (čitara picture) (verb, root čitar-) čohat — stay, remain (verb, root čoh-) čoja — boat (root čoj-) čojbana — harbour (root čoj-) čoma — book (root čom-) čudat — drive, impel (verb, root čud-) čumbat — kiss (verb, root čumb-) čurat — steal (čuratara thief) (verb, root čur-) čuratara — thief (root čur-) čurna — flour, powder (root čurn-)

D

dabat — run (verb, root dab-) dabipa — island (root dabip-) dabmika — car, vehicle (root dab-) dada — cheese, curd (root dad-) dahat — give (verb, root dah-) daje — kind (daji kindness) (adjective; adverb dajo) dakšine — right (side); southern (adjective; adverb dakšino) dama — house (root dam-) damabana — homeland (root dam-) dame — domestic, tame (root dam-) danat — thank (verb, root dan-) dandat — punish (danda punishment; stick) (verb, root dand-) Danija — Denmark (name) danšat — bite (verb, root danš-) danta — tooth (root dant-) darat — hold, keep (verb, root dar-) darba — spoon (root darb-) darma — law, duty (root darm-) darpana — mirror (root darpan-) daša — 10 (numeral) Daugaba — the Daugava (name) Daugabapila — Daugavpils (name) deba — god (root deb-) debdama — temple, church (root deb-) Delpa — Delphi (name) deša — country, region (root deš-) deše — native, of the country (root deš-) diba — sky (root dib-) dihat — fly (verb, root dih-) dihmika — aeroplane (root dih-) dirge — long (adjective; adverb dirgo) dirgi — length (root dirg-) diša — direction (root diš-) doša — fault, mistake (root doš-) drabat — melt, flow away (verb, root drab-) drakša — grape (root drakš-) drešat — see (verb, root dreš-) drona — valley (root dron-) duba — 2 (numeral) duhe — bad (adjective; adverb duho) duhkat — suffer (root duhk-) duhke — sad (adjective; adverb duhko) dula — dust (root dul-) duma — smoke (root dum-) durdrešmika — television (root dur-) dure — far (adjective; adverb duro) durga — fort, stronghold (root durg-) duri — distance (root dur-) duršačmika — telephone (root dur-) dusare — grey (adjective; adverb dusaro) duškare — difficult (adjective; adverb duškaro)

E

eba — already (function word) Egeja — the Aegean (Egeje ioma the Aegean Sea) (name) Egipte — Egypt (name) Eiprata — the Euphrates (name) Eiropa — Europe ; European (name) eka — 1 (numeral) ekake — alone, single (ekako alone, adv.) (adjective; adverb ekako) ene — if (counterfactual) (function word) Etiopija — Ethiopia (name)

G

gabakša — window (root gabakš-) gahat — sing (verb, root gah-) Gaisinša — Gaiziņkalns (name) Galija — Gaul (name) gamat — come (verb, root gam-) gambire — deep (adjective; adverb gambiro) gambiri — depth (root gambir-) ganat — count (verb, root gan-) ganbidja — mathematics (root gan-) Ganga — the Ganges (name) ganmika — computer (root gan-) garbe — proud (garbi pride) (adjective; adverb garbo) Gauja — the Gauja (name) gena — woman (root gen-) Germanija — Germania (name) gilat — swallow (verb, root gil-) girta — butter (root girt-) goba — cow, cattle (root gob-) goduma — wheat (root godum-) gona — knee (root gon-) grahat — take, seize (verb, root grah-) griba — neck (root grib-) Griekija — Greece (name) guhat — hide (verb, root guh-) gura — teacher (root gur-) guri — teaching (root gur-)

H

habale — weak (root -) hadaje — rude, unkind (root -) hadje — poor (root -) hagambire — shallow (root -) hahat — lose (verb, root hah-) haja — husband (root haj-) hakua — nothing (function word) hakubana — nowhere (function word) hakutara — nobody (function word) hamitra — enemy (root -) hanat — hit, strike (verb, root han-) Hansa — the Hanseatic League (name) hapat — must, need to (verb, root hap-) harda — heart (root hard-) harite — green (adjective; adverb harito) haroge — healthy (root -) harogi — health (root -) harše — joyful (harši joy) (adjective; adverb haršo) hasat — laugh (verb, root has-) hasati — a lie (root has-) hase — funny (root has-) hasidi — failure (root has-) hasta — hand (root hast-) hasudare — ugly (root has-) hašlakše — rough (root -) hata — money, silver; a coin (root hat-) hatdama — bank (root hat-) hateme — blunt, dull (root hat-) hati — price, value (root hat-) Helsinki — Helsinki (name) Hetita — a Hittite ; Hittite (a source language) (name) hima — snow (root him-) hirana — gold (root hiran-) Hispanija — Hispania (name) hoba — thing, matter (root hob-) Horbatija — Croatia (name) hrase — short (adjective; adverb hraso)

I

Igaunija — Estonia (name) Inda — the Indus (name) Indija — India (name) Inka — the Inca (name) ioma — sea (root iom-) iota — father (root iot-) Irana — Iran (name) Irija — Ireland (name) irkša — bear (root irkš-) irnat — owe (irna debt) (verb, root irn-) Islande — Iceland (name) Israela — Israel (name) išat — seek, look for (verb, root iš-) Italija — Italy (name) itare — other (adjective; adverb itaro) itiha — history (root itih-) itihabidja — history (as a science) (root itih-)

J

jada — when (conjunction) (function word) jadi — if (function word) jadjapi — although (function word) jagarat — wake (verb, root jagar-) jahat — go by vehicle, ride, drive (Latvian braukt; bok- is going on foot or in general) (verb, root jah-) janadina — nation, a people (root jan-) janahara — birthday (root jan-) janat — be born; beget (janatara parent) (verb, root jan-) janatara — parent (root jan-) janga — leg (root jang-) Janisa — Jānis (name) jao — as, as much as (relative) (function word) Japana — Japan (name) jat — that (complementiser) (function word) jatarat — travel (jatara journey) (verb, root jatar-) ja- — who, which, that (relative) (pronoun) Jekabapila — Jēkabpils (name) Jelgaba — Jelgava (name) Jerusaleme — Jerusalem (name) jihat — win (verb, root jih-) jihba — tongue (root jihb-) jihu — victory (root jih-) joda — warrior (root jod-) jodadina — army (root jod-) jojana — plan (root jojan-) Jordana — the Jordan (name) jubane — young (adjective; adverb jubano) judat — fight (verb, root jud-) judu — a fight, war (root jud-) juga — age, era, epoch (root jug-) jujat — use (verb, root juj-) juka — louse (root juk-) Jurmala — Jūrmala (name) juša — soup (root juš-)

K

kabana — here (function word) kadači — sometimes (function word) kaga — bird (root kag-) kaha — earth, land (root kah-) kahabidja — geography (root kah-) kahačitara — map (root kah-) kahara — today (root kah-) kala — art, craft (root kal-) kalatara — artist (root kal-) kalpat — prepare, arrange (verb, root kalp-) kame — black (adjective; adverb kamo) kampat — shake, tremble (verb, root kamp-) Kanada — Canada (name) kanat — dig (verb, root kan-) kanduka — ball (root kanduk-) karanda — basket (root karand-) karat — do, make (verb, root kar-) karbana — factory, workshop (root kar-) karja — task, business, affair, errand (karjašam on business) (root karj-) karmika — machine, engine (root kar-) karmikmani — artificial intelligence (root kar-) karna — ear (root karn-) karšabana — farm (root karš-) karšat — pull, drag (verb, root karš-) Kartaga — Carthage (name) karte — artificial, made (root kar-) kašta — wood, timber (root kašt-) kata — story, tale (root kat-) katine — hard, firm (adjective; adverb katino) ka- — this (pronoun) kebala — only (function word) keša — hair (root keš-) Kijiba — Kyiv (name) Kina — China (name) kintu — but (function word) kita — worm, insect (root kit-) kloma — hat, crown (root klom-) kohat — forgive, release (verb, root koh-) kona — corner, angle (root kon-) Konstantinopole — Constantinople (name) Kopta — a Copt ; Coptic (a source language) (name) Koreja — Korea (name) Korinta — Corinth (name) koša — bag, pouch (root koš-) košta — room (root košt-) krandat — shout, cry out (verb, root krand-) Kreta — Crete (name) kridat — play (verb, root krid-) kridmika — toy (root krid-) Kriebija — Russia (name) krihat — buy (verb, root krih-) Kristapa — Kristaps (name) krode — angry (krodi anger) (adjective; adverb krodo) kšalat — wash (verb, root kšal-) kšana — moment, hour (root kšan-) kšanila — minute (root kšan-) kšapa — night (root kšap-) kšetara — field (root kšetar-) kšipat — throw (verb, root kšip-) kšira — milk (root kšir-) kšude — hungry (kšudi hunger) (adjective; adverb kšudo) ku — (yes/no particle) (question word) kua — what (question word) kubahe — how many, how much (ku- + bah- many + -e) (question word) kubana — where (question word) kue — which (question word) kuje — small (adjective; adverb kujo) kukša — belly (root kukš-) kukuta — chicken, hen (root kukut-) kula — shore, bank (root kul-) Kuldiga — Kuldīga (name) kuna — when (question word) kunčika — key (root kunčik-) kuo — how (question word) kurdat — jump, leap (verb, root kurd-) Kurseme — Kurzeme (name) Kurša — a Curonian (name) kusa — why (question word) kutara — who (question word) kutumba — family, household (root kutumb-)

L

labana — salt (root laban-) labane — salty (root laban-) labat — receive, get (verb, root lab-) lage — light (weight) (adjective; adverb lago) laje — ashamed (laji shame) (adjective; adverb lajo) lakšja — goal, aim (root lakšj-) Latbija — Latvia ; Latvian (adj.) (name) Latgala — Latgale ; Latgalian (adj.) (name) Liba — a Liv ; Livonian (the Finnic people) (name) Libonija — Livonia ; Livonian (name) Lielupe — the Lielupe (name) Liepaja — Liepāja (name) Lietuba — Lithuania (name) lika — letter, writing (root lik-) likaparna — paper (root lik-) likat — write (verb, root lik-) likmika — pen (root lik-) liktara — writer (root lik-) liša — liver (root liš-) loha — iron, metal (root loh-) lohdabmika — train (root loh-) Londona — London (name) lopaša — fox (root lopaš-) Lubansa — Lake Lubāns (name) luhat — reap, harvest (verb, root luh-)

M

mada — honey (root mad-) madira — wine (root madir-) madja — the middle (root madj-) madje — middle (root madj-) madjo — in the middle (root madj-) madure — sweet (adjective; adverb maduro) maha — mother (root mah-) Maija — the Maya (name) Makedonija — Macedonia (name) makša — fly (insect) (root makš-) maline — dirty (adjective; adverb malino) mana — thought (root man-) manat — think (verb, root man-) mandala — circle (root mandal-) mande — slow (adjective; adverb mando) manduka — frog (root manduk-) mani — mind, reason (root man-) mansa — meat, flesh (root mans-) manuša — person (root manuš-) manušadina — people, crowd (root manuš-) manuši — humanity (root manuš-) marat — die (marapat kills, causative) (verb, root mar-) marga — animal (root marg-) margatara — hunter (root marg-) margu — a hunt (root marg-) marjara — cat (root marjar-) marte — dead (root mar-) masa — month (root mas-) Maskaba — Moscow (name) mastiška — brain (root mastišk-) matara — amount, measure (root matar-) maušapat — drop, let fall (root mauš-) maušat — fall (verb, root mauš-) ma- — I / we (pronoun) meda — fat (root med-) mega — cloud (root meg-) mejat — love (verb, root mej-) Meksika — Mexico (name) Mempisa — Memphis (name) Mesopotamija — Mesopotamia (name) mešak — maybe, perhaps (function word) mihat — measure (verb, root mih-) Mikena — Mycenae (name) mina — fish (root min-) minat — fish (verb) (root min-) Minska — Minsk (name) Miran — Miran (personal name) (name) mirde — soft (adjective; adverb mirdo) mišarat — mix (verb, root mišar-) mitra — friend (root mitr-) mitradina — circle of friends (root mitr-) mitrat — meet (root mitr-) mitratara — one who befriends (root mitr-) mitri — friendship (root mitr-) mitru — a meeting (root mitr-) Mongolija — Mongolia (name) morta — beard (root mort-) mučat — let go, take off (verb, root muč-) muče — free (root muč-) mude — stupid, confused (adjective; adverb mudo) muka — mouth (root muk-) mula — root (root mul-) muša — mouse (root muš-)

N

nabana — there (function word) nabe — new (adjective; adverb nabo) nakša — star (root nakš-) nakšabidja — astronomy (root nakš-) nakšadama — lighthouse (root nakš-) nakšamika — lamp (root nakš-) nakšamikila — candle (root nakš-) nakšapu — an illuminating (root nakš-) nakši — brightness (root nakš-) nakšu — a flash (root nakš-) namat — bend, bow (verb, root nam-) nane — good (adjective; adverb nano) nao — so, that much (function word) nara — man (root nar-) nartat — dance (verb, root nart-) nasa — nose (root nas-) na- — that (pronoun) ne — no; not (before the verb) (function word) netara — leader (root netar-) nibartat — return, go back (verb, root nibart-) niče — low (ničo downward) (adjective; adverb ničo) nidara — sleep (root nidar-) nidarat — sleep (verb, root nidar-) nidarbana — bed (root nidar-) nidarmana — dream (root nidar-) Niderlande — the Netherlands (name) nihara — fog, mist (root nihar-) nihat — lead, guide (verb, root nih-) nijama — rule (root nijam-) Nila — the Nile (name) nile — blue (adjective; adverb nilo) Ninibe — Nineveh (name) nipat — blow, breathe (verb, root nip-) nirnajat — decide (nirnaji a decision) (verb, root nirnaj-) nirudat — stop, block (verb, root nirud-) niščite — certain, sure (adjective; adverb niščito) niščito — certainly (root niščit-) nišidat — forbid (verb, root nišid-) nitje — constant, eternal (nitjo always ; hanitjo never) (adjective; adverb nitjo) Nobgoroda — Novgorod (name) noče — big, great (adjective; adverb nočo) Norbegija — Norway (name) Nubija — Nubia (name) nudat — push (verb, root nud-) nuha — rope (root nuh-) Nujorka — New York (name)

O

Ogre — Ogre (name) oika — bread (root oik-) Olimpija — Olympia (name) ona — stone (root on-) onahat — appear, seem (verb, root onah-) ošat — read (verb, root oš-) ošta — lip (root ošt-)

P

pačat — cook (verb, root pač-) pačatara — cook (person) (root pač-) pada — foot (root pad-) padadabmika — bicycle (root pad-) paduka — shoe (root paduk-) pahat — drink (verb, root pah-) pakbe — ripe, cooked (adjective; adverb pakbo) pakša — wing (root pakš-) pala — fruit (root pal-) palaka — table, board (root palak-) panča — 5 (numeral) panka — mud (root pank-) paraspara — each other (reciprocal; takes case, no plural) (pronoun) pari — around (+ loc.) (function word) paridat — wear, put on (verb, root parid-) parikša — test, examination (root parikš-) parinat — marry (verb, root parin-) Parise — Paris (name) parkat — ask (verb, root park-) parna — leaf (root parn-) pašahara — yesterday (root -) pašat — after, behind (+ loc.) (function word) pata — road, way (root pat-) patara — vessel, cup (root patar-) Penikija — Phoenicia (name) pereta — spring (root peret-) Persepole — Persepolis (name) Persija — Persia (name) peta — box, chest (root pet-) Peterburga — Saint Petersburg (name) piča — feather (root pič-) pida — pain (root pid-) piršta — back (root piršt-) pisa — 9 (numeral) pite — yellow (adjective; adverb pito) plabat — swim (verb, root plab-) Polija — Poland (name) Poloska — Polotsk (name) Portugale — Portugal (name) prababa — influence, power over (root prabab-) prabarta — gift (root prabart-) prača — the east (root prač-) prače — eastern (root prač-) pradane — important, chief (adjective; adverb pradano) Praga — Prague (name) prahara — tomorrow (root -) prajah — almost (function word) prajatat — try, strive (verb, root prajat-) prak — before, in front of (+ loc.) (function word) prakara — kind, sort; manner (root prakar-) prane — wise (adjective; adverb prano) Pransija — France (name) prapat — reach, obtain (verb, root prap-) prartat — pray, request (verb, root prart-) prasidde — famous (adjective; adverb prasiddo) pratara — morning (root pratar-) prati — to, towards (+ acc.) (function word) pratiča — the west (root pratič-) pratiče — western (root pratič-) pratikšat — wait (verb, root pratikš-) pratinat — promise (verb, root pratin-) prešat — send (verb, root preš-) proha — winter (root proh-) Prusija — Prussia ; Prussian (name) puča — tail (root puč-) punar — again (function word) pura — city (root pur-) purane — old (adjective; adverb purano) purbadrešat — predict, foresee (root purb-) purbe — early, former (adjective; adverb purbo) purila — village (root pur-) purmora — metropolis (root pur-) purne — full (adjective; adverb purno) pušpa — flower (root pušp-) pušpat — bloom (root pušp-) putara — son (root putar-) putat — rot (root put-) pute — rotten (adjective; adverb puto)

R

raja — king, ruler (root raj-) rajadina — government (root raj-) rakšat — protect, guard (rakšatara guard, police) (verb, root rakš-) rakšatara — guard, police officer (root rakš-) rakši — safety (root rakš-) rakšte — safe (root rakš-) rakta — blood (root rakt-) ramat — enjoy, delight in (verb, root ram-) rana — name (root ran-) ranat — names, calls (two accusatives: ma ranat san mitran "I call him friend") (root ran-) rasa — juice, sap, taste (root ras-) rasat — taste (verb) (root ras-) rase — tasty (root ras-) Rasna — Lake Rāzna (name) ratja — street (root ratj-) reka — line (root rek-) Resekne — Rēzekne (name) Riga — Riga (name) rikte — empty (adjective; adverb rikto) roga — disease (root rog-) roge — sick (root rog-) roha — door (root roh-) rohite — red (adjective; adverb rohito) rokat — burn (verb, root rok-) Roma — Rome (name) ručat — please; be liked (mam ručat I like it) (verb, root ruč-) ručire — interesting, attractive (adjective; adverb ručiro) rudat — weep (verb, root rud-) Rumanija — Romania (name) rupa — form, shape (root rup-)

S

saba- — self (reflexive) (pronoun) sabel — except (+ acc.) (function word) Sabiedrija — Sweden (name) sadat — sit (verb, root sad-) sadbana — seat, chair (root sad-) saha — with (+ loc.) (function word) sahasa — 1000 (numeral) saja — evening (root saj-) saka — companion, mate (root sak-) Salaspila — Salaspils (name) samane — common, usual (adjective; adverb samano) samapat — finish, end (verb, root samap-) samasja — problem (root samasj-) samatat — agree, consent (samati agreement) (verb, root samat-) same — same, equal (adjective; adverb samo) sandeša — message, news (root sandeš-) Sane — Zane (name) sanga — company, association, team (root sang-) sangajatara — group tour, package tour (root sang-) sangita — music (root sangit-) sangitatara — musician (root sangit-) sanka — number (root sank-) sankata — danger (root sankat-) sankate — dangerous (root sankat-) Sanskarita — Sanskrit (a source language) (name) sanšaja — doubt (root sanšaj-) sapadi — immediately, at once (function word) sapta — 7 (numeral) saptaha — week (root saptah-) sarasa — lake (root saras-) sarbe — all, every (adjective; adverb sarbo) sarita — river (root sarit-) saritbana — riverbed (root sarit-) sariti — fluidity (root sarit-) saritila — brook (root sarit-) saritu — a flow (root sarit-) sarpa — snake (root sarp-) sasja — grain, crop (root sasj-) sate — true (adjective; adverb sato) satšačat — admit, confess (compound: sat- true + šač- say) (verb, root satšač-) sa- — he / she / it / they (pronoun) seba — apple (root seb-) Sela — a Selonian (name) Selija — Sēlija (name) Semgala — a Semigallian (name) Semgale — Zemgale (name) Serbija — Serbia (name) Sesisa — Cēsis (name) seta — a bridge (root set-) setu — a bridging — the name of the language (root set-) sibat — sew (verb, root sib-) sičat — pour, sprinkle (verb, root sič-) sidat — succeed (sidi success) (verb, root sid-) sidte — done, ready (root sid-) Sigulda — Sigulda (name) sikata — sand (root sikat-) Sila — Sila (personal name) (name) sima — border (root sim-) Skandinabija — Scandinavia (name) Slobakija — Slovakia (name) Slobenija — Slovenia (name) smarat — remember (verb, root smar-) smari — memory (root smar-) smeha — voice (root smeh-) smihat — smile (verb, root smih-) Sobieta — the Soviet Union (name) soha — 6 (numeral) Somija — Finland (name) sona — sister (root son-) sotamamika — radio (root sotam-) sotamat — hear (verb, root sotam-) sotapat — choose (verb, root sotap-) Spanija — Spain (name) sparšat — touch (verb, root sparš-) Sparta — Sparta (name) spašte — clear, plain (adjective; adverb spašto) stahat — stand (verb, root stah-) stala — plate, dish (root stal-) stana — place (root stan-) stanita — thunder (root stanit-) Stokholma — Stockholm (name) stule — thick (adjective; adverb stulo) sudare — beautiful (adjective; adverb sudaro) sukara — pig (root sukar-) suke — easy, pleasant (adjective; adverb suko) sulabe — cheap, easy to get (hasulabe expensive) (adjective; adverb sulabo) sunat — know (verb, root sun-) sura — sun (root sur-) suraruhu — sunrise (root sur-) surmaušu — sunset (root sur-)

Š

šabda — sound (root šabd-) Šabeise — Switzerland (name) šača — word (root šač-) šačat — say, speak (verb, root šač-) šačatara — speaker (root šač-) šači — language (root šač-) šakat — be able, can (verb, root šak-) šake — possible (root šak-) šaki — ability, power (root šak-) šanti — peace (root šant-) šarira — body (root šarir-) šarkara — sugar (root šarkar-) šata — 100 (numeral) šena — tree (root šen-) šene — wooden (root šen-) šera — child (root šer-) šibat — change (verb, root šib-) šigre — fast (adjective; adverb šigro) šigri — speed (root šigr-) šihat — lie down (verb, root ših-) šikara — top, peak (root šikar-) šikša — lesson (root šikš-) šikšabana — school (root šikš-) šikšamora — university (root šikš-) šikšat — learn (verb, root šikš-) šira — head (root šir-) šite — cold (adjective; adverb šito) šitmika — refrigerator (root šit-) šlakše — smooth (adjective; adverb šlakšo) šolamat — smell (verb, root šolam-) šoma — summer (root šom-) šopat — become, happen (verb, root šop-) šradahat — believe (verb, root šradah-) šramabana — office, workplace (root šram-) šramat — work, toil (verb, root šram-) šramatara — worker (root šram-) šrante — tired (adjective; adverb šranto) šringa — horn (root šring-) štamat — close, shut (verb, root štam-) štamšača — password (root štam-) štamte — closed (root štam-) šučat — clean, purify (šuče clean) (verb, root šuč-) šukle — white (adjective; adverb šuklo) Šumera — Sumer (name) šuna — 0 (numeral) šure — brave (adjective; adverb šuro) šuške — dry (adjective; adverb šuško)

T

tada — then (function word) taila — oil (root tail-) Talina — Tallinn (name) tame — dark (root tam-) tami — darkness (root tam-) tane — thin (adjective; adverb tano) tantara — program, software, application, system (root tantar-) tape — warm (adjective; adverb tapo) ta- — you (sg. and pl.) (pronoun) Teba — Thebes (name) teme — sharp (adjective; adverb temo) Teresa — Teresa (name) Tibeta — Tibet (name) Tigra — the Tigris (name) tikte — bitter (adjective; adverb tikto) tira — 3 (numeral) tirna — grass (root tirn-) tirše — thirsty (tirši thirst) (adjective; adverb tiršo) tjajat — leave, abandon (verb, root tjaj-) tohamat — invite (verb, root toham-) trahat — save, rescue (verb, root trah-) Troja — Troy (name) tuha — mountain (root tuh-) Tukumsa — Tukums (name) tulat — lift; weigh (verb, root tul-) Tursija — Turkey (name) tušara — ice, frost (root tušar-) tušarat — freeze (root tušar-)

U

uahat — follow (verb, root uah-) uče — high (učo upward) (adjective; adverb učo) uči — height (root uč-) udara — water (root udar-) udiče — northern (udiča the north) (adjective; adverb udičo) udjana — garden (root udjan-) ueba — priest (root ueb-) uena — light (root uen-) uenlika — photograph (root uen-) uenlikmika — camera (root uen-) ueša — time (root ueš-) uešmika — clock (root ueš-) uhora — dog (root uhor-) Ukraina — Ukraine (name) uma — food (root um-) umabana — dining place (root um-) umapat — feed (root um-) umat — eat (verb, root um-) Ungarija — Hungary (name) uonat — open (verb, root uon-) uonte — open (adj.) (root uon-) uota — vegetable (root uot-) upari — on, above (+ loc.) (function word) upkarat — help (verb, root upkar-) Ura — Ur (name) ure — wide (adjective; adverb uro) uri — width (root ur-) urna — wool (root urn-) Uruka — Uruk (name) ušat — want (verb, root uš-) uši — a wish (root uš-) ušne — hot (adjective; adverb ušno) utara — an answer (root utar-) utarat — answer (verb, root utar-) utsaba — festival, party, holiday (root utsab-)

Expressions from the texts whose meaning does not follow word by word. Each is checked by the tools like any other example. The literal reading is given so the pattern can be reused.

Possession and existence

Setu	Meaning	Literally
mam čoma	I have a book	to-me a book
mam čohat panča hataša	I have five coins left	to-me remain five coins
mam kšudi	I'm hungry	to-me hunger
mam pida antar širal	I have a headache	to-me pain in the head
mam dubadašeka barašaša	I am twenty-one	to-me twenty-one years
mam ručat čoma	I like the book	to-me the book pleases
mam ručat mitret	I like making friends	to-me pleases to befriend
sa mas	it is mine	it my
udara buhat antar damal	there is water in the house	water exists in the house

Saying and thinking

Setu	Meaning	Literally
ma ranat san mitran	I call him a friend	I name him friend
ma manat apa nan	I think about that	I think from that
sa šačat apa purane manušašan	it is about ancient people	it speaks from ancient people
nao ma api manat	that's what I think too	so I also think
ma ne šradahat nan	I don't believe it	I not believe that
sa eba ne basat kabana	he no longer lives here	he already not lives here
hakutara ne sunat	nobody knows	nobody not knows
purbo drešet	to foresee	to see beforehand
saha … upkarul	with the help of …	with the help
ma aduna api ne sunat	I don't know yet	I now also not know
ma sunat jat …	I know that …

Reactions and politeness

Setu	Meaning	Literally
ne hoba	never mind	no thing
duhe hoba	bad news	bad thing
na mas duhe hoba	that was my fault	that my bad thing
sarbe nane	all good
kohaj man	sorry	forgive me
ne bihaj	don't worry	don't fear
nane boku	goodbye	good going
nane mana	good idea	good thought
ma harše drešet tan	glad to see you	I glad to see you
danu	thanks	a thanking

Time and manner

Setu	Meaning	Literally
kšana panča ča arda	half past five	hour five and half
sarbe aharašal	every day	in all days
sarbe ahara	all day	all day, nominative
apa pašaharan	since yesterday	from yesterday
prak sural	before sunrise	before the sun
antar prataral	in the morning
saha parasparal	together	with each other
jao ona	like a stone	as a stone
nao balo jao sa šakit	as hard as it could	so strongly as it could
punar ča punar	again and again

People

Setu	Meaning	Literally
nara šera	boy	man child
genšera	daughter, girl	woman-child
janatara	parent	one who begets
boktara	traveller	one who goes
karšatara	farmer	one who pulls (the plough)
šikšatara	student	one who learns
bikrihtara	seller	one who sells
ta duhe šera!	you rascal!	you bad child
šure šera!	brave boy!	brave child

Passive and agent

Setu	Meaning	Literally
roha štamte apa batan	the door shut by the wind	door shut from wind
manušaša buhit prešte	people were sent	people were sent-ones
manušaša šačat jat …	it is said that …	people say that